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Under the government of the Lorraine dynasty, in 1756, Doctor Targioni Tozzetti and his colleague Scutellari inoculated six children with some drops of smallpox (taken from a 12 year-old boy who was already ill) as the Ospedale degli Innocenti, the old florentine foundling hospital. This was the first instance of smallpox vaccination in Florence. Under the government of Pietro Leopoldo (Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790 and then emperor of Austria from 1790 to 1792), in 1777 the inoculations were carried out under the responsibility of Doctor Stefano Baci. This time were submitted to vaccination fourteen children and it is interesting to note how many and what changes occurred with respect to the vaccination performed twenty years before.