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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
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Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the subthalamic...
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo
10:04

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo

Published on: May 29, 2013

Integration between the epibranchial placodes and the hindbrain.

J Begbie1, A Graham

  • 1Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Fourth Floor, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, Kings College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 20, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Neuroglial hindbrain crest cells guide epibranchial neuronal cells in chick embryos. This developmental process organizes afferent hindbrain innervation and establishes crucial connections.

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Last Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo
10:04

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Published on: May 29, 2013

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Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo
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Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: February 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Embryology

Background:

  • Developmental integration requires coordination between embryonic fields for anatomical and functional outcomes.
  • Understanding how neural connections form during embryogenesis is critical for developmental biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of developmental integration between epibranchial placodes and the hindbrain in chick embryos.
  • To define the role of neuroglial hindbrain crest cells in guiding neuronal cell migration and connection formation.

Main Methods:

  • Chick embryo model system.
  • Analysis of cell migration and neural connection formation.
  • Histological and potentially genetic labeling techniques (inferred).

Main Results:

  • Neuroglial hindbrain crest cells actively guide epibranchial neuronal cells inward.
  • This guidance facilitates the establishment of central connections for epibranchial neurons.
  • A specific role for neuroglial hindbrain crest cells in organizing hindbrain afferent innervation is identified.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroglial hindbrain crest cells are essential organizers of afferent innervation in the developing chick hindbrain.
  • The study elucidates a key mechanism for developmental integration in the head.
  • This finding contributes to understanding the precise cellular interactions governing neural circuit formation.