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Related Concept Videos

Parental Care00:55

Parental Care

Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
Life Histories01:29

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented by two primary reproductive strategies; K-strategists produce few offspring but provide substantial parental support, whereas r-strategists produce much progeny that receives little care. These strategies are related to an organism’s survival likelihood across its lifespan, which is represented by a survivorship curve. Three general types of...
Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies00:51

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species reproduce only once in their lifetime, often investing most available resources into that single reproductive event. Iteroparous species, by contrast, reproduce multiple times over their lifetimes, typically allocating fewer resources to any single...
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses02:45

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD01:21

Testing a Claim about Mean: Unknown Population SD

A complete procedure of testing a hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown is explained here.
Estimating a population mean requires the samples to be approximately normally distributed. The data should be collected from the randomly selected samples having no sampling bias. There is no specific requirement for sample size. But if the sample size is less than 30, and we don't know the population standard deviation, a different approach is used; instead...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Timing of births in sympatric brown howler monkeys (Alouatta fusca clamitans) and northern muriquis (Brachyteles

K B Strier1, S L Mendes, R R Santos

  • 1Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. kbstrier@facstaff.wisc.edu

American Journal of Primatology
|October 23, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Brown howler monkeys exhibit year-round births, unlike muriquis which concentrate births in the dry season. This study compares primate birth patterns and life history strategies in Brazil.

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Area of Science:

  • Primate reproductive ecology
  • Comparative life history
  • Seasonal birth patterns

Background:

  • Understanding primate reproductive strategies is crucial for conservation.
  • Seasonal ecological conditions can influence primate birth timing and success.
  • Limited data exists on the reproductive patterns of brown howler monkeys (Alouatta fusca clamitans).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the birth patterns of sympatric brown howler monkeys and northern muriquis.
  • To investigate factors influencing interbirth intervals (IBIs) and yearling survivorship.
  • To explore how diet and life history shape primate reproductive timing under similar environmental conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Monitored birth patterns of brown howler monkeys and northern muriquis over a 4-year period (1996-2000).
  • Recorded birth frequencies, interbirth intervals, and yearling survivorship for both species.
  • Analyzed birth timing in relation to rainy and dry seasons.

Main Results:

  • Brown howler monkeys displayed aseasonal births, while muriquis had a dry season peak.
  • Howler monkey IBIs averaged 21.2 months and were shorter after dry season births.
  • Yearling survivorship was lower in howler monkeys (74%) compared to muriquis (94%).

Conclusions:

  • Species-specific differences in birth patterns exist even in sympatric primates facing similar seasonal conditions.
  • Life history traits, potentially linked to diet, influence the timing of reproduction in large-bodied platyrrhines.
  • This study provides valuable comparative data on Alouatta birth patterns and primate reproductive ecology.