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Related Experiment Videos

Gaze durations during speech reflect word selection and phonological encoding.

Z M Griffin1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Jordan Hall, Building 420, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2130, USA. griffin@psych.stanford.edu

Cognition
|October 24, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Speakers prepare object names incrementally. They begin sentence production once the first object name is ready, before processing subsequent object names, impacting speech production timing.

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Speech Production

Background:

  • Word selection speed is influenced by object codability (number of alternative names).
  • Word frequency affects the speed of retrieving a word's pronunciation (phonological encoding).
  • Previous research suggests incremental noun processing during fluent speech.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how object codability and name frequency influence the timing of speech production.
  • To determine if speakers prepare all object names before initiating an utterance or process them incrementally.
  • To examine the relationship between eye movements and the cognitive processes underlying sentence construction.

Main Methods:

  • Participants described pictured objects using a fixed sentence frame: "The A and the B are above the C."

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  • Eye movements of speakers were monitored during sentence production.
  • Object codability and dominant name frequency were systematically varied for objects B and C.

    • Main Results:

    • Speakers exhibited longer fixation durations on objects with lower codability and lower name frequency.
    • The codability and frequency of objects B and C did not alter the initiation time of naming object A.
    • Utterance initiation occurred even when the sentence was not fully fluent, suggesting preparation of subsequent elements was not required.

    Conclusions:

    • Speakers initiate sentence production "The A..." as soon as the name for object A is prepared.
    • The cognitive processes for selecting and phonologically encoding names for subsequent objects (B and C) occur after initiating the utterance.
    • Findings support an incremental model of noun selection and phonological encoding in fluent speech production.