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Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Histone Modification

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models

Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models

Published on: March 24, 2019

Human diseases with underlying defects in chromatin structure and modification.

B Hendrich¹, W Bickmore

¹Centre for Genome Research, University of Edinburgh, Roger Land Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Scotland, UK. brian.hendrich@ed.ac.uk

Human Molecular Genetics

|October 24, 2001

Summary

Genetic diseases linked to chromatin proteins are reviewed. Understanding these chromatin diseases and their protein factors is crucial for gene expression and cell division research.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Cell Biology

Background:

Chromatin structure regulates gene expression and chromosome dynamics.
Mutations in chromatin-related proteins cause human genetic diseases.
Advances in understanding chromatin components are ongoing.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe human genetic diseases linked to chromatin proteins.
To review known chromatin proteins involved in these diseases.
To integrate recent findings on chromatin function.

Main Methods:

Literature review of genetic diseases and chromatin proteins.
Analysis of current research on chromatin components and modifications.
Synthesis of information on chromatin function.

Main Results:

Identification of specific 'chromatin diseases'.
Cataloging of associated chromatin proteins and their roles.
Highlighting the link between chromatin defects and disease phenotypes.

Conclusions:

Chromatin protein defects underlie various genetic disorders.
Further research into chromatin biology is essential for understanding and treating these diseases.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of chromatin diseases and proteins.