Two-photon absorption and nonlinear optical properties of octupolar molecules

Two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections of four representative series of octupolar molecules are theoretically investigated. The general structure--TPA-property relationship is described by using the effective four-state valence-bond three-charge-transfer model. As the charge-transfer character of the ground electronic state increases due to the strong donors or acceptors, (i) the transition dipole matrix elements between the ground and 2-fold degenerate excited states increase, (ii) the energy gap decreases, and consequently (iii) the TPA transition amplitude monotonically increases. Thus, the design strategy to maximize the TPA cross section of the octupolar molecule is established. On the basis of the four-state model, the first hyperpolarizability of the octupolar molecule is found to be linearly proportional to the TPA cross section. This theoretical relationship is confirmed by using the ab initio calculation results. The Hammett correlation analysis of the TPA cross section and first hyperpolarizability is also presented.