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Human infections tick-transmitted
S Alciati1, E Belligni, S Del Colle
1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Abstract:
In this monograph are analysed the principal infections transmitted by ticks and particularly those interesting Europe and North America. Besides the main species of these arthropods are described in consideration of their characteristics and geographic diffusion. In particular the infections caused by Borrelia genus and tick born encephalitis virus are treated more exhaustively in consideration of their potential severity and because the diagnosis of these infections is sometimes difficult. However also the main rickettsial infections transmitted by ticks are reported together the hemorragic fevers transmitted by such arthropods. In particular it is exhaustively analysed the Mediterranean tick fever in consideration of its presence in some regions of Italy and of the wrong opinion of considering this pathology not very severe. Lastly has been included a treatment about some emergent infections transmitted by ticks, like as the ehrlichiosis and babesiasis, but also the mention of tularaemia that can be considered a re-emergent infection, also in consideration of the epidemic focus now present in Kossovo. The above-mentioned pathologies are analysed also as regards the laboratory diagnosis (direct and serologic methods), the therapeutic treatment and the prophilaxis, both directed against the arthropods vectors and that of individual type, employing also some vaccines, when disposable.
Insights
This monograph details tick-borne diseases in Europe and North America, focusing on Borrelia and tick-borne encephalitis virus. It covers diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these significant public health threats.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Infectious Diseases
- Medical Entomology
Background:
- Ticks transmit numerous pathogens globally, posing significant risks to human and animal health.
- Understanding tick species, their geographic distribution, and the diseases they carry is crucial for effective public health strategies.
- Emerging and re-emerging tick-borne infections necessitate continuous surveillance and research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive analysis of principal tick-borne infections relevant to Europe and North America.
- To detail the characteristics and geographic spread of key tick vector species.
- To thoroughly examine the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of significant tick-borne diseases, including emerging ones.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and synthesis of existing data on tick-borne diseases.
- Detailed description of important tick species and their ecological roles.
- Analysis of diagnostic methods (direct and serologic), therapeutic interventions, and prophylactic measures, including vaccination where applicable.
Main Results:
- Key tick-borne infections analyzed include Lyme disease (Borrelia), tick-borne encephalitis virus, rickettsial infections, and hemorrhagic fevers.
- Mediterranean tick fever is exhaustively discussed due to its presence in Italy and underestimation of its severity.
- Emerging infections like ehrlichiosis and babesiosis, and re-emerging tularaemia are also covered.
Conclusions:
- Effective management of tick-borne diseases requires a multi-faceted approach including vector control and individual prophylaxis.
- Accurate laboratory diagnosis and timely treatment are critical for improving patient outcomes.
- Continued research and awareness are essential to combat the evolving threat of tick-borne pathogens.