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Age differences in implicit and explicit associative memory: exploring elaborative processing effects.

L O'Hanlon1, K A Wilcox, S Kemper

  • 1Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, California State University, Sacramento, 6000 J Street, Sacramento, California 95819-6071, USA. ohanlon@csus.edu

Experimental Aging Research
|October 30, 2001
PubMed
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Older adults show deficits in new learning, particularly in associative memory tasks relying on conscious control. Elaborative processing aids explicit memory in all age groups, but working memory capacity, not elaboration skill, explains age differences.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Aging

Background:

  • Implicit memory is generally considered more resilient to aging than explicit memory.
  • Understanding age-related changes in memory processing is crucial for cognitive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how varying levels of processing impact memory for novel word-pair associations across different age groups.
  • To determine the role of working memory capacity and elaborative processing in age-related associative memory deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted manipulating the level of processing for word-pair associations.
  • Participants from different age groups were assessed on their memory performance.
  • Working memory capacity was measured to assess its influence on associative memory.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • Explicit associative memory improved with elaborative processing in both younger and older adults.
  • Age differences in associative memory were linked to working memory capacity, not the ability to use elaborative strategies.
  • Older adults demonstrated deficits in new learning, especially in tasks requiring conscious, controlled processing.

Conclusions:

  • New learning, including associative memory, may necessitate some level of elaborate and explicit processing.
  • Deficits in older adults' associative memory appear related to reduced consciously controlled processes rather than impaired elaborative strategies.
  • Findings support models distinguishing automatic unconscious from controlled conscious memory processes in aging.