Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

64.7K
Overview
64.7K
Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

4.4K
Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence...
4.4K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.7K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.7K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

14.4K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
14.4K
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

2.5K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

CD56(bright) natural killer cells and response to daclizumab HYP in relapsing-remitting MS.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2015
Same author

Daclizumab reduces CD25 levels on T cells through monocyte-mediated trogocytosis.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2013
Same author

Intrathecal effects of daclizumab treatment of multiple sclerosis.

Neurology·2011
Same author

MRI as a marker for disease heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis.

Neurology·2005
Same author

Longitudinal MRI study: the effects of azathioprine in MS patients refractory to interferon beta-1b.

Neurology·2003
Same author

Complex immunomodulatory effects of interferon-beta in multiple sclerosis include the upregulation of T helper 1-associated marker genes.

Annals of neurology·2001

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
09:53

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens

Published on: February 6, 2017

12.4K

Antigen-specific immunomodulation via altered peptide ligands.

B Bielekova1, R Martin

  • 1Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Building 10, 10 Center DR MSC 1400, Bethesda, MD 20892-1400, USA. bielekob@ninds.nih.gov

Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin, Germany)
|November 3, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Altered peptide ligands (APLs) precisely modify peptide signaling to control T cell responses. This research explores APL mechanisms and their therapeutic potential for autoimmune diseases and immunotherapy.

More Related Videos

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
10:16

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: October 12, 2018

7.2K
Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

10.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 2, 2026

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
09:53

Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens

Published on: February 6, 2017

12.4K
Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation
10:16

Fabrication of Anisotropic Polymeric Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: October 12, 2018

7.2K
Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

10.9K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cellular receptors often utilize peptide signaling molecules.
  • Altered peptide ligands (APLs) are modified peptides targeting receptor contact sites for precise function modulation.
  • APLs are crucial in immunology, influencing T cell responses in autoimmune diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and infectious disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the fundamental mechanisms underlying APL effects.
  • To focus on T cell receptor signaling in response to APLs.
  • To review the application of APLs in treating autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on APLs and T cell receptor signaling.
  • Analysis of APL mechanisms in various immunological contexts.
  • Synthesis of data on APLs for therapeutic applications.

Main Results:

  • APLs offer a method for highly selective modulation of receptor function.
  • APLs play significant roles in vivo, including as infectious agent escape mutants and in thymic selection.
  • APLs demonstrate potential for therapeutic intervention in T cell-mediated disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding APL mechanisms is key to harnessing their therapeutic potential.
  • APLs are versatile tools for modulating T cell immunity.
  • Further research into APLs can advance treatments for autoimmune diseases and enhance immunotherapies.