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Related Concept Videos

Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

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IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

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Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

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Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Reduction of Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defects with an Anterior and Inferior Transseptal Puncture Site when Operating the Cryoballoon Ablation Catheter
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Reduction of Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defects with an Anterior and Inferior Transseptal Puncture Site when Operating the Cryoballoon Ablation Catheter

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Ventricular septal defects in adults.

N M Ammash1, C A Warnes

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.

Annals of Internal Medicine
|November 6, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Adults with congenital ventricular septal defects (VSDs) present differently based on defect size and associated conditions. Understanding these variations is key for effective VSD management in adulthood.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Adult Congenital Cardiology

Background:

  • Congenital ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are common cardiac malformations.
  • VSDs exhibit diverse sizes and locations, influencing clinical manifestations.
  • Adult presentation of VSDs often involves isolated defects or complex associations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the varied clinical presentations of VSDs in adults.
  • To discuss the natural history and treatment of VSDs in adult patients.
  • To highlight the impact of associated conditions on VSD pathophysiology and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published studies on adult VSDs.
  • Analysis of authors' clinical experience with adult VSD cases.

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Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery ALCAPA
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  • Categorization of VSDs based on size, location, and associated abnormalities.

    • Main Results:

    • VSDs in adults range from small, isolated defects to larger ones with pulmonary stenosis, hypertension, or aortic regurgitation.
    • Associated conditions significantly alter the pathophysiologic consequences and long-term complications of VSDs.
    • Clinical presentation, natural history, and treatment strategies are highly variable.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate assessment and tailored care are crucial for adult patients with VSDs.
    • Recognizing specific VSD types and their associations in adulthood improves patient outcomes.
    • This review provides insights into managing common congenital cardiac malformations in adults.