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Related Experiment Videos

Barium: rationale for a new oral reference dose.

C E Dallas1, P L Williams

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. cdallas@rx.uga.edu

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part B, Critical Reviews
|November 7, 2001
PubMed
Summary

A revised oral reference dose (RfD) for Barium (Ba) is proposed, increasing the U.S. EPA value nearly tenfold. This reassessment, based on chronic animal studies, identifies kidney effects as the most sensitive endpoint for Ba exposure.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Risk Assessment
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) previously established an oral reference dose (RfD) for Barium (Ba) in 1984, based on hypertension data.
  • Reevaluation of toxicological data for Ba is necessary to propose a revised oral RfD.
  • Existing human studies on Ba exposure have limitations, including small sample sizes and exposure uncertainties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reevaluate toxicological data for Barium (Ba) and propose a revised oral reference dose (RfD).
  • To determine the most sensitive health endpoint and most appropriate animal model for Ba RfD derivation.
  • To update the U.S. EPA's oral RfD for Barium based on current scientific understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of toxicokinetic, acute, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive animal studies for Ba.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Evaluation of epidemiological and occupational health human studies related to Ba exposure.
  • Dose-response assessment using no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) values from animal studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Kidney effects were identified as the most sensitive endpoint for adverse health effects from chronic soluble Ba ingestion in mammals.
    • The most sensitive animal population tested was male rats, with a NOAEL of 60 mg Ba/kg/d from National Toxicology Program (NTP) studies.
    • Applying uncertainty factors to the male rat NOAEL resulted in a proposed oral RfD of 0.6 mg Ba/kg/d.

    Conclusions:

    • The revised oral RfD for Ba is proposed at 0.6 mg Ba/kg/d, a nearly tenfold increase from the previous EPA value.
    • Chronic animal studies, particularly those identifying kidney effects in male rats, provide a robust basis for the revised RfD.
    • This reassessment provides a more current and potentially protective guideline for human exposure to Barium.