Raman spectroscopy in ophthalmology: from experimental tool to applications in vivo

Raman spectroscopy is a qualitative and quantitative optical technique for determining the molecular composition of matter. Improvements in spectroscopic instruments, especially the modality to detect low light level signals extended the Raman technique to biomedical applications, even in delicate structures like the eye. The purpose of this paper was to make an inventory of performed applications of Raman spectroscopy in biomedical science and especially in ophthalmology. A literature search was done using Medline, Current Contents, a patent server on the Internet, and references found in articles and patents. This search revealed a variety of Raman techniques and applications in biomedical research, and an increasing flow of articles starting in the late 1970s on Raman spectroscopy in ophthalmology. This increase in literature about Raman spectroscopy in ophthalmology feeds the expectation that this valuable technique will be introduced in the future into clinical practice.