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Sex differences in carbohydrate metabolism.

M A Tarnopolsky1, B C Ruby

  • 1Department of Medicine, McMaster University Medical Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. tarnolpol@macmaster.ca

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
|November 14, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Women utilize more fat and less carbohydrate during endurance exercise than men, impacting energy metabolism and potentially requiring dietary adjustments for female athletes. This sex difference in fuel utilization may influence future diabetes and lipid metabolism patient care.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Sex differences exist in substrate utilization during endurance exercise.
  • Women typically oxidize more lipids and less carbohydrates than men.
  • Hormonal factors, particularly 17-beta-estradiol, are implicated in these metabolic variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the sex-specific differences in substrate metabolism during submaximal endurance exercise.
  • To investigate the role of 17-beta-estradiol in regulating carbohydrate metabolism during exercise.
  • To understand the practical implications for female athletes and clinical care.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of substrate oxidation rates (lipid vs. carbohydrate) between men and women during exercise.

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  • Assessment of skeletal muscle glycogen utilization and hepatic glucose production.
  • Review of existing animal and human study evidence on hormonal influences.

    • Main Results:

    • Women demonstrated higher lipid and lower carbohydrate oxidation compared to men.
    • Skeletal muscle glycogen utilization and hepatic glucose production were lower in women.
    • Lower leucine oxidation was observed in women during exercise.
    • Evidence suggests 17-beta-estradiol influences sex dimorphic carbohydrate metabolism.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant sex differences in substrate metabolism during endurance exercise are confirmed.
    • Dietary strategies, including increased carbohydrate intake, may be necessary for women to optimize glycogen stores before events.
    • These findings have potential implications for managing diabetes and lipid metabolism disorders.