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Updated: Aug 12, 2026

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Published on: February 6, 2017
Incidence of human immunodeficiency virus among male-to-female transgendered persons in San Francisco
T A Kellogg1, K Clements-Nolle, J Dilley
1Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA. Tim_Kellogg@dph.sf.ca.us
Objective:
To estimate HIV incidence among male-to-female transgendered persons (MtF transgendered persons) who repeatedly tested for HIV antibodies at public San Francisco counseling and testing sites between July 1997 and June 2000.
Methods:
HIV seroconversions were identified and person-time of observation were estimated using the date and result of the current test and the self-reported date and result of the previous test. Factors independently associated with HIV seroconversion were determined using multivariable proportional hazard analysis.
Results:
HIV incidence was 7.8 per 100 person-years (95% confidence intervals [CI], 4.6-12.3) based on 13 seroconversions among 155 repeat testers with 167.7 person-years of observation. African-American race/ethnicity (adjusted relative hazard ratio [HR], 5.0; 95% CI, 1.5-16.2) and unprotected receptive anal intercourse (HR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.2-13.1) were independent predictors of HIV seroconversion.
Conclusions:
HIV is currently spreading at an extremely high rate among MtF transgendered persons in San Francisco, especially those who are African Americans.
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