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Related Concept Videos

Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
DNA and RNA
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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Drugs predominantly attach to plasma proteins, with only a small percentage remaining unbound. The unbound portion can be calculated as one minus the bound fraction. Acidic drugs form large, inactive complexes by reversibly binding to plasma albumin, which prevents them from diffusing across biological barriers. These drug-protein complexes act as reservoirs for the drugs. As the concentration of unbound drugs decreases, these complexes quickly dissociate to release the free drug, maintaining...
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Blood plasma is a fluid that contains approximately 92% water and 8% solutes. The solutes include various types of proteins, which constitute about 7% of the total solutes in the plasma. The high-molecular-weight proteins—albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen—are essential to plasma function. Albumins, making up about 60% of the plasma proteins, maintain the osmotic balance within blood vessels by preventing excessive water leakage. Additionally, albumins serve as carrier proteins,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Circulating MicroRNA Quantification Using DNA-binding Dye Chemistry and Droplet Digital PCR
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Circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum: an overview.

Y M Lo1

  • 1Department of Chemical Pathology and Institute of Molecular Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. loym@cuhk.edu.hk

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|November 16, 2001
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Nucleic acids in plasma and serum offer new diagnostic tools for oncology and prenatal testing. This technology aids in detecting, monitoring, and prognosing diseases, advancing molecular diagnostics.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Plasma and serum nucleic acids are increasingly recognized for their diagnostic potential.
  • Tumor-derived genetic and epigenetic alterations, as well as viral nucleic acids, are detectable in cancer patients' plasma.
  • Fetal DNA in maternal plasma/serum enables noninvasive prenatal genetic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diagnostic applications of nucleic acids in plasma and serum.
  • To highlight the implications of these findings for molecular diagnosis in various medical fields.
  • To discuss future research directions, including circulating RNA and plasma nucleic acid biology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of tumor-derived nucleic acids in plasma/serum of cancer patients.
  • Detection of fetal DNA in maternal plasma/serum.
  • Application of plasma DNA technology in organ transplantation, trauma monitoring, and infectious disease detection.

Main Results:

  • Plasma nucleic acids show promise for detecting, monitoring, and prognosing malignancies.
  • Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis is facilitated by fetal DNA detection in maternal circulation.
  • Plasma DNA technology has expanded applications in transplantation, trauma, and infection diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleic acids in plasma and serum represent a significant advancement in molecular diagnostics.
  • Further research into circulating RNA and the fundamental biology of plasma nucleic acids is warranted.
  • Plasma DNA technology offers versatile applications across diverse medical disciplines.