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Updated: Aug 18, 2026

Preparation and Analysis of In Vitro Three Dimensional Breast Carcinoma Surrogates
Published on: May 9, 2016
Debate: The slippery slope of surrogate outcomes
1Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. rdagosti@wfubmc.edu
Abstract:
Surrogate outcomes are frequently used in cardiovascular disease research. A concern is that changes in surrogate markers may not reflect changes in disease outcomes. Two recent clinical trials (Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study [HERS], and the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial [ALLHAT]) underscore this problem since their results contradicted what was expected based on the surrogate outcomes. The current regulatory policy to allow new therapies to be introduced onto the market based solely on surrogate outcomes may need to be reviewed.
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