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Haemoglobin function in vertebrates: evolutionary changes in cellular regulation in hypoxia.

M Nikinmaa1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014, Turku, Finland. miknik@utu.fi

Respiration Physiology
|November 24, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxic conditions trigger ancient cellular responses like increased red blood cell volume, impacting hemoglobin-oxygen affinity across diverse vertebrates. These mechanisms evolve, affecting energy levels and organic phosphates in response to low oxygen.

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative physiology
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Cellular biology

Background:

  • Hypoxia, or low oxygen conditions, elicits critical physiological responses in vertebrates.
  • Hemoglobin-oxygen affinity is a key factor in oxygen transport and is modulated by cellular mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of erythrocytic (red blood cell) hypoxia responses.
  • To compare cellular control of hemoglobin-oxygen affinity across agnathans, teleost fish, and terrestrial vertebrates.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of erythrocytic responses to hypoxia.
  • Review of mechanisms controlling hemoglobin-oxygen affinity.

Main Results:

  • An ancient response to hypoxia involves increased red blood cell volume, enhancing hemoglobin-oxygen affinity (seen in lampreys and teleost fish).

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  • In teleost fish, increased cell volume is linked to higher erythrocyte pH via adrenergic-activated sodium/proton exchange.
  • Continued hypoxia leads to decreased cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP) concentrations, with potential cAMP involvement in bird embryos.

    • Conclusions:

    • Hypoxia response mechanisms have evolved significantly, from ancient cell volume changes to modulation of organic phosphates in mammals.
    • Understanding these diverse mechanisms is crucial for comprehending oxygen transport and adaptation in various vertebrate groups.