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Related Concept Videos

GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

Coat Assembly and GTPases

Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
Coat assembly depends on the local availability of phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs and GTP-binding proteins. Adaptor proteins, which link the coat proteins to the membrane, bind to these PIPs and play a crucial role in controlling...
Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:

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Related Experiment Videos

Rab GTPases: specifying and deciphering organelle identity and function.

S R Pfeffer1

  • 1Dept of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5307, USA. pfeffer@cmgm.stanford.edu

Trends in Cell Biology
|November 24, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Rab proteins, GTPases regulating vesicle transport, have expanded from 20 to over 60 mammalian types. Their diverse functions and effectors are crucial for organizing cellular membrane traffic.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Rab proteins are GTPases essential for vesicle targeting.
  • Initially, 20 Rab proteins were identified, with two known to be vital in yeast.
  • Over 60 mammalian Rab proteins have since been discovered.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the expanding diversity of Rab proteins.
  • To underscore the broad range of functions and effectors associated with Rab proteins.
  • To emphasize the regulatory role of Rabs in membrane traffic.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and comparative analysis of Rab protein research over a decade.
  • Identification and classification of Rab protein functions and effectors.
  • Analysis of Rab protein involvement in cellular membrane trafficking pathways.

Main Results:

  • The number of identified mammalian Rab proteins has more than tripled in ten years.
  • Rab proteins exhibit a wide diversity of functions and interact with numerous effectors.
  • Rabs form distinct protein scaffolds within organelles.

Conclusions:

  • Rab proteins are key regulators of membrane traffic with diverse roles.
  • Combinatorial interactions between Rabs and their effectors control all stages of membrane transport.
  • The complexity of Rab-mediated membrane trafficking has significantly increased.