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Related Concept Videos

What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Detection of Ligand-activated G Protein-coupled Receptor Internalization by Confocal Microscopy
10:24

Detection of Ligand-activated G Protein-coupled Receptor Internalization by Confocal Microscopy

Published on: April 9, 2017

Prolactin receptor signal transduction.

C V Clevenger1, J B Kline

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19066, USA. clevengc@mail.med.upenn.edu

Lupus
|November 28, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Four human prolactin receptor (PRLr) isoforms in the immune system have distinct structures and functions. Differential signaling pathways activated by these prolactin (PRL) receptors contribute to PRL

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular signaling

Background:

  • The human prolactin receptor (PRLr) mediates prolactin (PRL) effects within the immune system.
  • Multiple PRLr isoforms exist, each with unique structural and functional characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the distinct signaling pathways activated by the four known human PRLr isoforms.
  • To understand how differential signaling contributes to the diverse actions of PRL in immune tissues.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of structural and functional differences between PRLr isoforms.
  • Investigation of ligand binding affinities and signal transduction kinetics.
  • Identification of proximal signal transduction proteins activated by PRLr, including tyrosine kinases (Jak2, Fyn, Tec), phosphatase (SHP-2), guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Vav), and signaling suppressor (SOCS).

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Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding
10:13

Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding

Published on: June 9, 2017

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
12:27

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors

Published on: June 8, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Detection of Ligand-activated G Protein-coupled Receptor Internalization by Confocal Microscopy
10:24

Detection of Ligand-activated G Protein-coupled Receptor Internalization by Confocal Microscopy

Published on: April 9, 2017

Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding
10:13

Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding

Published on: June 9, 2017

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
12:27

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors

Published on: June 8, 2022

Main Results:

  • Four structurally and functionally distinct human PRLr isoforms were identified.
  • Significant differences in ligand affinities and signal transduction kinetics were observed among isoforms.
  • Differential activation of proximal signaling molecules (Jak2, Fyn, Tec, SHP-2, Vav, SOCS) by PRLr isoforms was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

  • The distinct signaling profiles of human PRLr isoforms contribute to the pleiotropic effects of PRL in the immune system.
  • Understanding these isoform-specific pathways is crucial for elucidating PRL's role in immune function and disease.