Virokines: novel immunomodulatory agents

Since the discovery of virokines in the 1980s, much time and research has been dedicated to exploring their potential use as therapeutic agents. Simply put, virokines are virally encoded proteins that are secreted from the infected host cell. Most of these proteins possess the ability to modulate different aspects of the host immune system, to better maintain a suitable habitat for viral replication. These proteins are often highly homologous to host immune proteins but are often smaller and more powerful. Examples of virokines include viral secreted proteins that: block components of the complement system, act as serine protease inhibitors, function as chemokine and cytokine agonists or antagonists and contribute to cell proliferation. Many of these proteins are currently being investigated for use as novel therapeutic immunomodulators to manage immune disorders, inflammation after trauma, graft rejection and autoimmune diseases.