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Treatment of heart failure in infants and children
1Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Clarkb@Email.CHOP.EDU
Insights
Pediatric heart failure, or congestive heart failure (CHF), presents differently in infants and older children. Treatment involves medications like digoxin, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors, with potential roles for spironolactone and beta-blockers.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Cardiology
- Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
- Congenital Heart Disease
Background:
- Heart failure (HF) is the heart's inability to meet the body's metabolic demands.
- Pediatric HF has diverse etiologies but shares common presentations.
- Infants often show poor growth, diaphoresis, increased heart rate, tachypnea, and hepatomegaly.
Purpose of the Study:
- To summarize the clinical presentation of pediatric heart failure.
- To outline current and emerging treatment strategies for pediatric congestive heart failure (CHF).
Main Methods:
- Review of clinical manifestations in infants and older children.
- Discussion of established and novel pharmacological interventions.
- Consideration of surgical options.
Main Results:
- Infants present with failure to thrive, increased sympathetic tone, and signs of respiratory distress and hepatomegaly.
- Older children may exhibit malaise, decreased activity, weight loss, abdominal symptoms, rales, edema, and hepatic tenderness.
- Long-term management includes digoxin, diuretics, and ACE inhibitors; spironolactone and beta-blockers show promise.
Conclusions:
- Pediatric heart failure requires tailored management based on age and presentation.
- Pharmacological advancements, including spironolactone and beta-blockers, offer new therapeutic avenues.
- Surgical interventions are reserved for specific, severe cases.
Abstract:
In its simplest and most succinct definition, heart failure can be defined as an inability of the heart to meet the metabolic demands of the body. Despite the diverse etiologies of heart failure in the pediatric population, the presentation of heart failure represents a common constellation of symptoms, signs, and physical findings. In infants, an inability to maintain growth either secondary to decreased nutritional intake or an increased catabolic state is a hallmark of heart failure. Infants exhibit increased sympathetic tone with excessive diaphoresis and increased heart rate. Physical findings in the infants with congestive heart failure (CHF) include increased work of breathing, tachypnea and hepatomegaly. In older children, in contrast, new onset heart failure may be less overtly symptomatic. Malaise, decrease in the level of daily activity, and weight loss may be present. Symptoms of abdominal pain and nausea and anorexia can be present and sometimes divert attention from the real etiology. Physical findings include rales and peripheral edema. If there is hepatomegaly, there will likely be hepatic tenderness as well. A gallop rhythm and tachycardia are commonly present. The long-term treatment of CHF in children includes digoxin, diuretics and afterload reduction with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Digoxin decreases sympathetic tone and improves growth in infants. Diuretics should be used to relieve symptoms but may not be necessary in all children. ACE inhibitors are increasingly valuable in maintaining cardiac function long term. New uses of medications include the addition of spironalactone (Aldactone, G. D. Searle & Co., Chicago, IL) which, in adults, has been shown to significantly decrease both the death rate from CHF and the need for hospitalization. Beta-Blockers have been used in children in limited studies and may have a role in the treatment of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Surgical treatment, such as partial vectriculectomy, has shown short-term benefit and has been used sparingly in infants.