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Related Experiment Videos

Arthropods on islands: colonization, speciation, and conservation.

Rosemary G Gillespie1, George K Roderick

  • 1Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Division of Insect Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3112, USA. gillespi@nature.berkeley.edu

Annual Review of Entomology
|December 1, 2001
PubMed
Summary

The study redefines islands beyond just land surrounded by water, distinguishing between "darwinian" islands and "fragment" islands. This distinction is crucial for understanding species evolution, biodiversity patterns, and conservation strategies for terrestrial arthropods.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Biogeography

Background:

  • Traditionally, islands are defined as landmasses surrounded by water.
  • However, the key biological feature of islands is prolonged isolation, which also occurs in continental habitats.
  • Island theories have been applied to diverse systems, including rock pools, forest tree species, and oceanic islands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the literature on islands in the broadest sense, including terrestrial arthropods.
  • To categorize different island systems based on their shared features.
  • To highlight the importance of distinguishing between island types for understanding ecological and evolutionary patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of island systems in the broadest sense (surrounded by water or uninhabitable matrix).

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  • Categorization of islands into "darwinian" (formed de novo) and "fragment" types.
  • Analysis of ecological and evolutionary processes specific to each island type.

    • Main Results:

    • Darwinian islands: characterized by initial immigration, followed by speciation leading to neo-endemics.
    • Fragment islands: undergo species loss (relaxation) post-fragmentation, with potential for paleo-endemics through relictualization.
    • Ancient fragment islands can exhibit generic level endemism (e.g., Madagascar, New Zealand).

    Conclusions:

    • Recognizing the difference between darwinian and fragment islands is fundamental.
    • This distinction clarifies patterns in speciation, biodiversity (neo- vs. paleo-endemics), and conservation challenges (e.g., alien species interactions).
    • The broader definition of islands allows for wider application of ecological and evolutionary theories.