Related Experiment Videos
Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale: factor structure, item analyses and internal consistency in a large
A Mykletun1, E Stordal, A A Dahl
1Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Background:
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) rating scale is a commonly used questionnaire. Former studies have given inconsistent results as to the psychometric properties of the HAD scale.
Aims:
To examine the psychometric properties of the HAD scale in a large population.
Method:
All inhabitants aged 20-89 years (n=92 100) were invited to take part in The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. A total of 65 648 subjects participated, and only completed HAD scale forms (n=51 930) formed the basis for the psychometric examinations.
Results:
Principal component analysis extracted two factors in the HAD scale that accounted for 57% of the variance. The anxiety and depression sub-scales shared 30% of the variance. Both subscales were found to be internally consistent, with values of Cronbach's coefficient (alpha) being 0.80 and 0.76, respectively.
Conclusions:
Based on data from a large population, the basic psychometric properties of the HAD scale as a self-rating instrument should be considered as quite good in terms of factor structure, intercorrelation, homogeneity and internal consistency.