Future vaccines: recent advances and future prospects

The 20th century has witnessed the introduction of over 20 vaccines that prevent or even conquer diseases such as smallpox, polio, and measles. The continued threat of infectious diseases demands the creation of many more vaccines, especially against common respiratory and gastrointestinal pathogens. Thanks to recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, and adjuvant technology, the next decade likely will bring a vaccine for HIV/AIDS also. We enter the 21st century with a tempered optimism, proud of past achievements, but mindful of the challenges that lie ahead.