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Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

RNA Interference

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...

RNA Editing

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...

RNA Interference

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...

Experimental RNAi

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

Enhanced Genome Editing with Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Diverse Cells and Organisms

Published on: May 25, 2018

RNAi is antagonized by A-->I hyper-editing.

A D Scadden¹, C W Smith

¹Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.

|December 18, 2001

Summary

Adenosine to inosine conversion by ADAR2 inhibits RNA interference (RNAi). Increased deamination of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) progressively blocks siRNA production, explaining RNAi inhibition.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Virology
Biochemistry

Background:

RNA interference (RNAi) and adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) conversion are dsRNA-responsive pathways with potential antiviral functions.
RNAi degrades mRNA via siRNAs, while A-to-I editing alters RNA coding and structure.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of A-to-I RNA editing on the RNAi pathway.
To determine if ADAR2-mediated deamination affects dsRNA processing into siRNAs.

Main Methods:

Treatment of dsRNA with ADAR2 enzyme to induce A-to-I editing.
Analysis of siRNA production and RNAi efficiency in response to edited dsRNA.

Main Results:

ADAR2-mediated deamination of dsRNA inhibits RNA interference.

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Published on: April 21, 2022

Progressive inhibition of RNAi correlates with increased levels of dsRNA deamination.

dsRNA hyper-editing is sufficient to explain the observed inhibition of RNAi.

Conclusions:

A-to-I RNA editing by ADAR2 antagonizes the RNAi pathway.
This interaction suggests a regulatory mechanism where RNA editing can suppress RNAi-mediated antiviral defense.