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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Lung CT Segmentation to Identify Consolidations and Ground Glass Areas for Quantitative Assesment of SARS-CoV Pneumonia
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Published on: December 19, 2020

Pneumothorax complicating pulmonary emphysema.

R B George, S J Herbert, J M Shames

    JAMA
    |October 27, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Older patients with acute unilateral pneumothorax often show subtle signs, requiring roentgenograms for diagnosis. Emphysema complicates presentation, but outcomes are generally favorable with treatment.

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    Published on: December 12, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Pulmonology
    • Thoracic Medicine
    • Diagnostic Imaging

    Background:

    • Acute unilateral pneumothorax presents differently across age groups.
    • Pulmonary emphysema can alter the clinical and radiographic presentation of pneumothorax.

    Observation:

    • Older patients (≥40 years) with pneumothorax experienced dyspnea and anxiety, often with small pneumothoraces.
    • Physical examination findings for pneumothorax were frequently unreliable, necessitating roentgenographic confirmation.

    Findings:

    • In emphysema, lung retractility loss led to incomplete collapse and chest wall over-expansion.
    • Roentgenograms revealed previously undetected bullae in partially collapsed emphysematous lobes.
    • Five older patients developed respiratory failure, with four recovering after pneumothorax management.

    Implications:

    • Accurate diagnosis of pneumothorax in older adults relies heavily on imaging.
    • Emphysema significantly influences pneumothorax mechanics and radiographic appearance.
    • Mortality is low and linked to comorbidities, highlighting the importance of managing underlying pulmonary conditions.