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Subfailure damage in ligament: a structural and cellular evaluation.

Paolo P Provenzano1, Dennis Heisey, Kei Hayashi

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|December 18, 2001
PubMed
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Subfailure damage in medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) occurs at 5.14% strain. Cellular damage begins at lower strains, potentially initiating the healing process in mild ligament sprains.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Cellular Biology
  • Orthopedic Research

Background:

  • Ligament injuries, such as sprains, involve damage below the point of complete rupture.
  • Understanding subfailure damage is crucial for diagnosing and treating mild ligament injuries.
  • Existing research often focuses on complete ligament rupture, leaving subfailure mechanisms less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare structural and cellular damage in medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) at subfailure levels.
  • To determine the strain thresholds for both structural and cellular damage in MCLs.
  • To characterize the mechanical property changes in MCLs following subfailure strain.

Main Methods:

  • Ex vivo experiments using freshly harvested rat MCLs.

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  • Ligaments were preloaded to 0.1 N for consistent strain measurement.
  • Structural damage assessed by nonrecoverable length change; cellular damage by necrotic cell regions.

    • Main Results:

    • The onset of structural damage in MCLs was identified at 5.14% strain.
    • Subfailure strains altered the stress-strain curve, increasing laxity and decreasing modulus and ultimate stress.
    • Cellular damage was observed at strains significantly lower than the structural damage threshold.

    Conclusions:

    • Cellular damage precedes structural damage in MCLs under subfailure strain.
    • The early cellular damage may represent an initial phase of the healing response in mildly sprained ligaments.
    • This study provides quantitative data on subfailure damage thresholds in MCLs.