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Related Experiment Videos

Parasites and supernormal manipulation.

Ø H Holen1, G P Saetre, T Slagsvold

  • 1Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, PO Box 1050, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|December 26, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Social parasites use exaggerated signals to exploit hosts, but signal intensity must remain below a threshold for evolutionary stability. This threshold is influenced by parasitism rates, with lower rates favoring supernormal manipulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Evolutionary Game Theory
  • Animal Communication

Background:

  • Social parasites exploit hosts by mimicking beneficial organisms.
  • Exaggerated signals may enhance host response, as seen in common cuckoo chicks.
  • Understanding the evolutionary stability of such mimicry is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the evolutionary stability of host manipulation via exaggerated signals using game theory.
  • To determine the conditions under which supernormal manipulation by social parasites is evolutionarily stable.
  • To explore the role of parasitism rate in the evolution of host-parasite signaling dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Game theory modeling was employed to analyze host-parasite interactions.
  • The model focused on signal intensity as a key variable in host acceptance or rejection.

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  • Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) was used to predict stable signaling outcomes.

    • Main Results:

    • Parasite signal intensity must be below a specific threshold for host acceptance.
    • This threshold is directly dependent on the rate of parasitism.
    • Supernormal manipulation is evolutionarily stable only under low parasitism rates.

    Conclusions:

    • The evolutionarily stable strategy involves hosts accepting all signallers and parasites using optimal, sub-threshold signal intensity.
    • Rejector hosts can invade if ESS conditions are not met, using signal intensity as a cue.
    • Findings are discussed in relation to empirical evidence from brood parasitism and mimicry systems.