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Related Concept Videos

The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures bipolar mitotic...
Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a microtubule array...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Polyploids require Bik1 for kinetochore-microtubule attachment.

H Lin1, P de Carvalho, D Kho

  • 1Department of Pediatric Oncology, The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, The Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|January 5, 2002
PubMed
Summary

The protein Bik1 is crucial for cell division in polyploid yeast, ensuring proper chromosome attachment to microtubules. This discovery offers new insights into cell mechanics and potential cancer therapies.

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Last Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
08:33

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Kinetochore-microtubule (MT) attachment is vital for maintaining genomic stability in eukaryotic cells.
  • The protein Bik1, a CLIP-170 orthologue, is investigated for its role in this process.
  • Cytoskeletal proteins often exhibit overlapping functions, complicating the study of individual components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if Bik1 is a component of the kinetochore-MT binding interface.
  • To investigate the ploidy-specific requirement for Bik1 in cell viability and function.
  • To explore the role of Bik1 in kinetochore-MT attachment and its implications for polyploid cells.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to identify Bik1's role at the kinetochore-MT interface.
  • Imaging techniques to visualize kinetochore-MT interactions in yeast.
  • Comparative analysis of Bik1 function in haploid versus polyploid cells.

Main Results:

  • Bik1 functions at the kinetochore-MT binding interface.
  • Bik1 is essential for the viability of polyploid cells but not haploid cells.
  • In polyploids, Bik1 is required for pre-anaphase kinetochore separation, opposing sister chromatid recoil.
  • Bik1's role in kinetochore separation is distinct from its role in MT dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Bik1 is a critical component of the kinetochore-MT attachment machinery, particularly in polyploid cells.
  • The ploidy-dependent essentiality of Bik1 provides a novel strategy to study essential genes with functional redundancy.
  • Understanding Bik1's function in polyploid cells may offer therapeutic strategies for diseases involving aneuploidy, such as cancer.