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Transfusion transmitted diseases.

N Choudhury¹, S Phadke

¹Transfusion Medicine Department, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rae Barelly Road, Lucknow-226014, UP. nc@sgpgi.ac.in

Indian Journal of Pediatrics

|January 5, 2002

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Transfusion-transmitted diseases (TTDs) in India are a significant concern, with hepatitis B/C, HIV, and malaria posing major risks. Implementing sensitive screening and promoting voluntary donors can reduce TTD incidence.

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Public Health
Transfusion Medicine

Background:

Transfusion-transmitted diseases (TTDs) represent a critical global challenge for blood transfusion services.
In India, key TTD concerns include hepatitis B/C, HIV, malaria, syphilis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B-19, and bacterial infections.
Hepatitis B and C carriers range from 1-5% and 1% respectively, with post-transfusion hepatitis B/C affecting approximately 10% of recipients due to low viremia and mutant strains.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the prevalence of various transfusion-transmitted diseases in the Indian blood donor population.
To identify the major infectious agents posing risks in blood transfusions within India.
To evaluate current strategies and propose improvements for reducing TTDs in India.

Main Methods:

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Review of existing data on the prevalence of infections like Hepatitis B/C, HIV, malaria, syphilis, CMV, parvovirus B-19, and bacterial infections among Indian blood donors.
Analysis of factors contributing to post-transfusion infections, including low viremia, mutant strains, and screening test limitations.
Consideration of the impact of donor types (voluntary vs. replacement) and laboratory testing sensitivity.

Main Results:

Hepatitis B and C infections are prevalent, with significant rates of post-transfusion hepatitis B/C.
HIV prevalence varies regionally, with some studies indicating lower rates than previously projected (e.g., 0.2/1000 in North India).
High parvovirus B-19 prevalence (39.9%) poses risks to immunocompromised patients, while malaria screening remains challenging.

Conclusions:

Reducing TTDs in India requires a multi-pronged approach, including enhanced vigilance and quality control.
Promoting altruistic, repeat voluntary blood donors is crucial for improving blood safety.
Adoption of sensitive laboratory testing methods is essential for minimizing transfusion-transmitted disease risks.