Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors01:24

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Mucosal Defense Factors

1.5K
Peptic ulcer disease, commonly called PUD, represents a multifaceted condition characterized by disruptions in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI)  tract. Central to the protection of the gastrointestinal lining is the mucosal-bicarbonate barrier. This physiological defense mechanism is a formidable shield against the corrosive effects of gastric acid and pepsin secretion in the stomach. Its role is pivotal in maintaining the structural integrity of the stomach's inner lining.
1.5K
Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors01:13

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Proton Pump Inhibitors

1.2K
Peptic ulcers, often induced by H. pylori infections or NSAID usage, arise from disruptions in the delicate balance of gastric acid production. Peptic ulcers stem from heightened gastric acid levels due to H. pylori infections or NSAID use. The protective mucus layer diminishes in the presence of these factors, allowing gastric acid to erode the stomach lining and form ulcers.
Gastric acid, a potent cocktail of hydrogen and chloride ions, is produced in specialized parietal cells within the...
1.2K
Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors01:22

Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors

1.5K
Peptic ulcers are sores on the stomach's inner lining and the upper small intestine, which are the result of disruptions in the mucosal layer that houses parietal cells which produce gastric acid, and chief cells which secrete pepsinogen.
In the antrum region, G cells secrete the gastrin hormone that binds to gastrin-cholecystokinin-B (CCK2) receptors on parietal and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the fundic glands. Simultaneously, the vagus nerve releases acetylcholine, which binds...
1.5K
Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology01:28

Peptic Ulcer Disease II: Pathophysiology

2.6K
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by the development of ulcers in the stomach or duodenal mucosa. Its pathophysiology is complex, involving a balance between damaging and protective elements.
Damaging agents such as Helicobacter pylori, gastric acid, pepsin, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can weaken the mucosal defense, allowing hydrogen ions to infiltrate back and harm epithelial cells.
2.6K
Intestinal Phase of Digestion01:29

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

12.2K
The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...
12.2K
Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sucralfate as Mucosal Protective Agents01:24

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sucralfate as Mucosal Protective Agents

2.0K
In the intricate landscape of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion disrupts the natural defense mechanisms, weakening the mucus-bicarbonate barrier. This vulnerability allows pepsin to infiltrate epithelial cells, digesting mucosal proteins and triggering erosion, leading to ulcer formation.
In this scenario, mucosal protective agents like sucralfate play an essential role. Sucralfate, a complex of sulfated sucrose and aluminum hydroxide, demonstrates its usefulness in acidic conditions,...
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Erratum: Centrality-Dependent Modification of Jet-Production Rates in Deuteron-Gold Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 122301 (2016)].

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Disentangling Centrality Bias and Final-State Effects in the Production of High-p_{T} Neutral Pions Using Direct Photon in d+Au Collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200  GeV.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Measurement of Direct-Photon Cross Section and Double-Helicity Asymmetry at sqrt[s]=510  GeV in p[over →]+p[over →] Collisions.

Physical review letters·2023
Same author

Probing Gluon Spin-Momentum Correlations in Transversely Polarized Protons through Midrapidity Isolated Direct Photons in p^{↑}+p Collisions at sqrt[s]=200  GeV.

Physical review letters·2021
Same author

Erratum: Evolution of π^{0} Suppression in Au+Au Collisions from sqrt[s_{NN}]=39 to 200 GeV [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 152301 (2012)].

Physical review letters·2020
Same author

Internal Delensing of Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization B-Modes with the POLARBEAR Experiment.

Physical review letters·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Application of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging Technology in Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection
14:56

Application of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging Technology in Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection

Published on: November 21, 2025

300

Integrated duodenal protective response to acid.

J D Kaunitz1, Y Akiba

  • 1Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, CA 90073, USA. jake@ucla.edu

Life Sciences
|January 5, 2002
PubMed
Summary

The duodenum protects itself from stomach acid using mucus, blood flow, and bicarbonate secretion. These mechanisms work together to maintain epithelial cell health against acid exposure.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Physiology
  • Epithelial Biology

Background:

  • The proximal duodenum is a unique leaky epithelium exposed to gastric acid.
  • Duodenal defense mechanisms, including bicarbonate secretion, mucus, and blood flow, protect against acid injury.
  • The roles of mucus and blood flow in duodenal defense are less understood than bicarbonate secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate duodenal defense mechanisms against luminal acid in vivo.
  • To understand the mucosal response to acid exposure by measuring intracellular pH, blood flow, and mucus gel thickness.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of duodenal epithelial intracellular pH (pHi), blood flow, and mucus gel thickness (MGT) in vivo.
  • Exposure of the duodenal mucosa to physiologic acid solutions.

More Related Videos

Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection via Inferior Infracolic Approach: A Surgical Approach for Benign Lesions
03:34

Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection via Inferior Infracolic Approach: A Surgical Approach for Benign Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.0K
Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis
08:58

Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis

Published on: January 5, 2017

13.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 26, 2026

Application of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging Technology in Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection
14:56

Application of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Imaging Technology in Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection

Published on: November 21, 2025

300
Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection via Inferior Infracolic Approach: A Surgical Approach for Benign Lesions
03:34

Laparoscopic Duodenum-Preserving Pancreatic Head Resection via Inferior Infracolic Approach: A Surgical Approach for Benign Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

1.0K
Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis
08:58

Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis

Published on: January 5, 2017

13.0K
  • Assessment of cellular acid exit via amiloride-inhibitable processes (sodium-proton exchange).
  • Evaluation of the effects of vanilloid receptor antagonists and sensory afferent denervation.

    • Main Results:

    • Physiologic acid exposure promptly lowered pHi, with recovery after acid removal, indicating diffusion without immediate damage.
    • Cellular acid exits via amiloride-sensitive sodium-proton exchange (NHE).
    • Mucus gel thickness (MGT) and blood flow increased during acid perfusion, decreasing post-challenge.
    • Bicarbonate secretion increased after acid challenge, not during superfusion.
    • Acidic pHi activates basolateral NHE, acidifies submucosal space, and increases cellular base loading.
    • Acidic submucosal space activates capsaicin receptors, increasing MGT and blood flow.
    • A new steady state with thickened mucus, increased blood flow, and higher buffering protects against injury during sustained acid exposure.
    • Post-challenge, mucus secretion and blood flow decrease, and pHi normalizes via apical bicarbonate extrusion.

    Conclusions:

    • Luminal acid diffuses into duodenal epithelial cells, transiently lowering pHi.
    • A coordinated response involving increased MGT, blood flow, and cellular buffering protects the duodenum from acid injury.
    • Apical bicarbonate extrusion is crucial for restoring normal pHi after acid challenge.
    • Integrated duodenal defense mechanisms protect epithelial cells from repeated pulses of gastric acid.