[The displaced proximal humeral fracture: is there evidence for therapeutic concepts?]

There is no general agreement on the operative treatment of displaced proximal humeral fractures. While T-plate fixation was the method of choice until the end of the 1980s, minimally invasive techniques have been favoured during the past decade. The indication for primary shoulder prosthesis is controversial. The purpose of this report was to evaluate the scientific evidence of current treatment recommendations.

Relevant articles were retrieved from "Medline" and "Knowledge-Finder" using the combined search strategy for the keywords "proximal humerus" and "fracture". Retrieved articles were evaluated according to the criteria of evidence-based medicine.

The analysis retrieved 3 randomized, 4 prospective, and 26 retrospective studies and a number of review articles relevant to the subject. Limitations of most publications were due to small study populations, differences in patient selection and fracture classification as well as measurements of outcome. According to these studies good functional results can be achieved in dislocated two-part fractures treated with minimal osteosynthesis in the elderly and T-plate fixation in younger patients. For three- and four-part fractures minimally invasive techniques seem to be more favourable in the elderly. However, there is some evidence that alternative therapies such as conservative treatment and plating can be successful in defined populations. A general indication for primary implantation of a prosthesis in four-part fractures in the elderly is not supported by the literature.

We conclude from our analysis that the scientific evidence for treatment recommendations of displaced proximal humeral fractures is still limited.