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Developing vaccines against pandemic influenza.

J M Wood1

  • 1National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK. jwood@nibsc.ac.uk

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|January 10, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Developing pandemic influenza vaccines requires balancing speed with safety. Historical data shows conventional doses are often insufficient, necessitating larger or multiple doses for effective immunity.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Pandemic influenza poses unique vaccine development challenges, requiring a balance between rapid deployment and ensuring vaccine safety, quality, and efficacy.
  • Historical vaccine development for influenza pandemics (1957, 1968, 1977, 1976, 1997-1998) provides valuable experience.

Observation:

  • Mass production capabilities for influenza vaccines were demonstrated, with over 150 million doses of swine flu vaccine produced in 1976 within three months.
  • A significant concern is the 7-8 month lead time required to initiate vaccine production, highlighting the need for urgent efforts to reduce this duration.
  • Vaccine trials from 1968-1998 consistently showed that a single 15 microgram hemagglutinin dose is insufficient for immunogenicity in naive individuals.

Findings:

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  • Inducing satisfactory immunity often requires higher doses or two lower doses of vaccine.
  • Evidence suggests whole-virus vaccines may be more immunogenic than split or subunit vaccines, though further research is needed.
  • H5 vaccines demonstrated particularly poor immunogenicity, indicating a potential need for adjuvants.

    • Implications:

    • Reducing the lead time for pandemic influenza vaccine production is critical and requires urgent attention.
    • Optimizing vaccine dosage and formulation, potentially including adjuvants, is necessary to enhance immunogenicity, especially for novel strains like H5.
    • Further studies are needed to confirm the superior immunogenicity of whole-virus vaccines and to explore adjuvant use in pandemic vaccine development.