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Updated: Aug 12, 2026
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Aversive and attractive properties of electrical stimulation for Paramecium caudatum
1Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, OH 43606, USA. harmus@uoft02.utoledo.edu
Abstract:
Although there are data to show that mild electrical stimulation from a cathode source can serve as positive or attractive stimulus for paramecia, the properties of anode stimulation have not been clear. This research gives evidence to support the previously reported positive properties of cathode stimulation but showed that anode stimulation has opposite (negative or aversive) properties.
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