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Ejaculatory process and related semen characteristics.

P W Bravo1, R Moscoso, V Alarcon

  • 1Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA.

Archives of Andrology
|January 16, 2002
PubMed
Summary

South American camelids, llamas and alpacas, exhibit continuous urethral contractions during copulation, with semen characteristics consistently present throughout the process. This study details these contractions and semen quality in these camelids.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Animal Science
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • South American camelids are known dribble ejaculators.
  • Urethral contractions are a key component of their copulatory process.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for reproductive management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the pattern of urethral contractions during copulation in llamas and alpacas.
  • To associate urethral contractions with semen characteristics throughout the copulatory period.
  • To analyze semen parameters such as volume, color, consistency, motility, concentration, and viability.

Main Methods:

  • Transrectal ultrasonography was used to monitor urethral contractions in males during artificial insemination.
  • Semen was collected at 5-minute intervals using an artificial vagina.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Semen characteristics (color, volume, consistency, motility, concentration, live sperm percentage) were analyzed at each interval.

    • Main Results:

    • Urethral contractions were evenly distributed throughout copulation, with significantly more in llamas (63) than alpacas (40).
    • Semen characteristics, including milky or translucent color, variable volume (0.3-3.0 mL), and consistency, were present throughout the ejaculatory period.
    • Spermatic motility (40-80%), concentration (30-188 x 10^3/mm^3), and live sperm percentage (65-90%) showed variability but were consistently detected.

    Conclusions:

    • Llama and alpaca ejaculates are not fractionated.
    • Urethral contractions are evenly distributed during copulation.
    • Semen characteristics are maintained throughout the copulatory period in these camelids.