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Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis

The process of blood cell formation is called hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis starts early during development, on the seventh day of embryogenesis. This phase of hematopoiesis is called the primitive wave, wherein the extraembryonic yolk sac allows the production of erythroid cells and endothelial cells from a common precursor called hemangioblast. The erythroid cells provide oxygen to support the growth of the rapidly dividing embryo. Hemangioblasts later develop into hematopoietic stem cells or...

Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Red blood cells (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia, and...

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...

Production of Formed Elements

Production of Formed Elements

Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...

Lifecycle of Erythrocytes

Lifecycle of Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, constantly move through blood capillaries. As a result, they damage their plasma membrane due to the continuous friction. Typically, after 100 to 120 days, erythrocytes become rigid and fragile as they wear out. As they pass through small vessels in the spleen and liver, they can get trapped and break apart into fragments.
The resident phagocytic macrophages deal with these damaged cells by engulfing them and separating their globin and heme groups.

Structure and Function of Platelets

Structure and Function of Platelets

The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
Platelets are continually replenished, circulating in the bloodstream for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes, primarily in the spleen. A microliter of circulating blood contains between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets, with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis

Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis

Published on: April 10, 2012

Hemopoietic stem cells in human peripheral blood.

R D Barr, J Whang-Peng, S Perry

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|October 17, 1975

Summary

Researchers identified a unique lymphocyte population with true pluripotentiality. These cells can proliferate and differentiate into various blood cell types, potentially representing the earliest human progenitor blood cell.

Area of Science:

Hematology
Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Lymphocytes are crucial immune cells with diverse functions.
Current understanding distinguishes thymus-dependent and bursa-equivalent lymphocytes.
The existence of a primitive, multipotent progenitor blood cell in humans remains an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize a distinct lymphocyte population exhibiting pluripotentiality.
To demonstrate the differentiation capacity of these unique cells in vitro.
To provide evidence for the primitive progenitor blood cell in humans.

Main Methods:

Isolation of a distinct lymphocyte population based on size and lack of specific surface markers.
In vitro culture of these isolated lymphocytes.

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Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

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Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Published on: December 24, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis

Ex vivo Mimicry of Normal and Abnormal Human Hematopoiesis

Published on: April 10, 2012

Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

Published on: December 23, 2015

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Published on: December 24, 2016

Analysis of cellular proliferation and differentiation into various blood cell lineages.

Main Results:

A population of larger lymphocytes, distinct from thymus-dependent and bursa-equivalent cells, was identified.
These lymphocytes demonstrated true pluripotentiality upon in vitro culture.
The cells successfully proliferated and differentiated into erythrocytic, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic progeny.

Conclusions:

A unique lymphocyte population with true pluripotentiality has been identified in humans.
This cell population represents a primitive progenitor blood cell capable of differentiating into multiple blood lineages.
This finding offers a significant advancement in understanding human hematopoiesis and early blood cell development.