Measurement of slipperiness: fundamental concepts and definitions

The main objective of this paper is to give an overview of basic concepts and definitions of terms related to the 'measurement of slipperiness' from the onset of a foot slide to a gradual loss of balance and a fall. Other unforeseen events prior to falls (e.g. tripping) are sparingly dealt with. The measurement of slipperiness may simply comprise an estimation of slipping hazard exposures that initiate the chain of events ultimately causing an injury. However, there is also a need to consider the human capacity to anticipate slipperiness and adapt to unsafe environments for avoiding a loss of balance and an injury. Biomechanical and human-centred measurements may be utilized for such an approach, including an evaluation of relevant safety criteria for slip/fall avoidance and procedures for validation of slip test devices. Mechanical slip testing approaches have been readily utilized to measure slipperiness in terms of friction or slip resistance but with conflicting outcomes. An improved understanding of the measurement of slipperiness paradigm seems to involve an integration of the methodologies used in several disciplines, among others, injury epidemiology, psychophysics, biomechanics, motor control, materials science and tribology.