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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

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[Effects of volume and concentration of lidocaine on epidural anesthesia].

M Nakayama¹, H Ichinose, S Yamamoto

¹Division of Anesthesia, Obihiro Kosei Hospital, Obihiro 080-0016.

Masui. the Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology

|January 19, 2002

Summary

This study found that neither the volume nor concentration of lidocaine significantly impacted epidural anesthesia effectiveness for gynecological surgery patients. Lidocaine dose and delivery method did not alter sensory blockade or motor function.

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Pharmacology

Context:

Epidural anesthesia is commonly used for gynecological surgery.
Optimizing local anesthetic administration is crucial for patient outcomes.

Purpose:

To evaluate the impact of lidocaine volume and concentration on epidural anesthesia during gynecological surgery.
To determine if varying lidocaine parameters affects sensory blockade and motor blockade.

Summary:

Forty patients undergoing gynecological surgery received 300 mg of lidocaine via epidural catheter, either as 1% (30 ml) or 2% (15 ml).
No significant differences were observed in the spread of sensory blockade (cold, pain) or the Bromage scale between the two lidocaine preparations.
These findings indicate that lidocaine volume and concentration do not influence the efficacy of epidural anesthesia in this context.

Impact:

Provides evidence that standard lidocaine doses can be administered in different volumes/concentrations without compromising anesthetic effect.
Informs clinical practice regarding lidocaine selection for epidural anesthesia in gynecological procedures.
Suggests further research into other factors influencing epidural anesthetic spread and efficacy.