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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...

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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
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Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: June 21, 2024

Massive obesity and the kidney. A morphologic and statistical study.

A H Cohen

    The American Journal of Pathology
    |October 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Obese patients with Pickwickian syndrome exhibit enlarged glomeruli, primarily due to vascular changes. This kidney abnormality is linked to increased blood volume and hypoxia, not polycythemia.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Obesity Medicine
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Gross obesity and Pickwickian syndrome are associated with various health complications.
    • Renal morphology in such patients is not well-characterized.
    • Understanding kidney changes is crucial for managing associated risks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the renal morphological changes in patients with obesity and Pickwickian syndrome.
    • To identify specific alterations in glomerular structure.
    • To explore potential contributing factors to observed renal abnormalities.

    Main Methods:

    • Autopsy study of 5 patients with gross obesity and Pickwickian syndrome features.
    • Normal renal function was confirmed in the studied patients.
    • Quantitative measurements of glomerular areas were performed and compared to controls.

    Main Results:

    • Statistically significant glomerular enlargement (glomerulomegaly) was observed.
    • Glomerulomegaly resulted from vascular dilatation and mesangial cell changes.
    • Factors like increased blood volume, hypoxia, and elevated right ventricular pressure were associated with this enlargement.

    Conclusions:

    • Glomerulomegaly is a key renal finding in obese patients with Pickwickian syndrome.
    • Vascular and mesangial alterations drive this enlargement.
    • Hypoxia and hemodynamic changes, not polycythemia, are implicated in the pathogenesis.