Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Connective Tissues01:20

Embryonic Connective Tissues

During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
The mesenchyme is the first connective tissue that emerges in the developing embryo. It consists of loosely arranged multipotent mesenchymal cells and reticular fibers in the extracellular matrix. This loose arrangement allows easy migration of cells, which is essential for germ layer positioning, patterning, and organ morphogenesis during embryonic development. Mesenchyme is...
Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Early recognition of post-stroke spasticity: the I-REFER study.

Frontiers in neurology·2026
Same author

Switching to subcutaneous zilucoplan from intravenous complement component 5 inhibitors in generalised myasthenia gravis: a phase IIIb, open-label study.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders·2025
Same author

Changes in corticosteroid and non-steroidal immunosuppressive therapy with long-term zilucoplan treatment in generalized myasthenia gravis.

Journal of neurology·2025
Same author

Efficacy of zilucoplan in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis who have not previously received immunoglobulin or plasma exchange: A subgroup analysis from the Phase 3 RAISE study.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2025
Same author

Usability of the zilucoplan prefilled syringe for the treatment of generalized myasthenia gravis: insights from a human factors validation study.

Expert review of medical devices·2024
Same author

Maintenance of zilucoplan efficacy in patients with generalised myasthenia gravis up to 24 weeks: a model-informed analysis.

Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart
10:56

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart

Published on: March 26, 2015

Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex.

Wolf Muellbacher1, Ulf Ziemann, Joerg Wissel

  • 1Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Rm 5N226, 10 Center Drive MSC 1428, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1428, USA.

Nature
|January 25, 2002
PubMed
Summary

The primary motor cortex (M1) is crucial for early motor skill consolidation. Disrupting M1 specifically impaired skill retention, not initial learning or recall.

More Related Videos

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis
06:33

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis

Published on: June 5, 2018

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise
09:21

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Published on: August 25, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart
10:56

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart

Published on: March 26, 2015

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis
06:33

Probing the Roles of Physical Forces in Early Chick Embryonic Morphogenesis

Published on: June 5, 2018

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise
09:21

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Published on: August 25, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Motor skill acquisition involves rapid consolidation and recruitment of new brain regions.
  • The specific role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in early motor skill consolidation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the essential role of the human primary motor cortex (M1) in the early consolidation of newly acquired motor skills.

Main Methods:

  • Subjects practiced fast finger movements to improve acceleration and force.
  • Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied to M1 and other brain areas.
  • Behavioral changes in motor performance, learning, and retention were monitored.

Main Results:

  • rTMS of M1 specifically disrupted the retention of behavioral improvements in motor skills.
  • M1 stimulation did not affect basal motor behavior, initial task performance, subsequent learning, or skill recall.
  • Stimulation of other brain areas did not impact skill retention.

Conclusions:

  • The human primary motor cortex (M1) is specifically engaged during the early stage of motor consolidation.
  • M1 plays a critical, time-limited role in stabilizing newly acquired motor skills before full consolidation.