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Related Concept Videos

The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

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The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
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The Carbon Cycle01:14

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
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Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
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There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species that adapted to the new conditions. In the current geological epoch, the Holocene, there is a sixth extinction event in progress. This mass extinction has been attributed to human activities and is thus provisionally called the Anthropocene. In 2019 the human population reached 7.7 billion people and is projected to comprise 10 billion by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 1, 2026

Monitoring Pedogenic Inorganic Carbon Accumulation Due to Weathering of Amended Silicate Minerals in Agricultural Soils.
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CO2 and the end-Triassic mass extinction.

David Beerling

    Nature
    |January 25, 2002
    PubMed
    Summary

    The end-Triassic mass extinction may have been driven by a significant rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2). New analysis of fossil soils and plant leaves suggests pCO2 levels fluctuated, linking this gas to global warming and extinction.

    Area of Science:

    • Paleoclimatology
    • Geochemistry
    • Paleontology

    Background:

    • The Triassic-Jurassic boundary witnessed a major mass extinction, with terrestrial sediments offering clues to environmental shifts.
    • Previous studies on Mesozoic fossil soils indicated stable atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) levels across this boundary.
    • This stability contradicts high-resolution data from fossil leaf stomata.

    Discussion:

    • The temporal resolution of prior fossil soil analyses may have obscured transient pCO2 spikes.
    • Re-evaluating fossil soil data alongside stable carbon isotope variations (δ13C) in fossil leaves reveals a substantial pCO2 increase.
    • This revised understanding reconciles conflicting evidence regarding pCO2 dynamics.

    Key Insights:

    • Fossil soil data, when analyzed with plant leaf stable carbon isotopes, support a significant pCO2 rise at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

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  • Transient atmospheric carbon dioxide fluctuations, not just overall levels, are critical for understanding past climate events.
  • The link between elevated pCO2, global warming, and the end-Triassic extinction event is strengthened.

    • Outlook:

    • Further high-resolution isotopic studies are needed to refine pCO2 reconstructions across critical paleo-environmental transitions.
    • Integrating multiple geochemical and paleobotanical proxies will improve our understanding of mass extinction drivers.
    • This research provides a more robust framework for investigating the causes of ancient climate crises and biodiversity loss.