Biomarkers to assess the genetic damage induced by alcohol abuse in human lymphocytes

Alcohol abuse is a major risk factor for cancer of the upper alimentary tract, the upper respiratory tract, and liver. Chromosome damage is used as early effect biomarker in the surveillance of human exposure to genotoxic carcinogens. In the present study, two genetic markers, namely chromosome aberrations (CAs) and micronuclei (MN), were used to evaluate genetic damage in peripheral lymphocytes from 20 alcoholics, 20 abstinent alcoholics, and 20 controls. Composition of the three groups was fairly similar as regards sex, age and smoking habits. A highly significant increase was observed in the frequencies of CA and MN in lymphocytes of alcoholics as compared both with controls and abstinent alcoholics. However, no correlation was found between the length of alcohol abuse and the frequencies of either biomarkers in alcoholics. CA and MN frequencies in abstinent alcoholics were similar than those in controls. Our data indicate that CA and MN can be two useful biomarkers to assess genetic damage associated with alcohol abuse. They could be included in programs for cancer prevention in alcoholics. Abstinence appears to normalize the frequency of both MN and CA. This could offer therapists another tool to help alcoholics change their lifestyle.