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Structure of Alkanes

Structure of Alkanes

The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed this idea of carbon chain formation.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds composed of carbons and hydrogens. Based on the bond order between carbons, the hydrocarbons are further classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons with sp3 hybrid carbon atoms. These sp3...

Nomenclature of Alkanes

Nomenclature of Alkanes

In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system for the systematic nomenclature of these newly discovered compounds. IUPAC (International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry), established in 1919, sets rules for the nomenclature.
The alkane nomenclature considers the length of the carbon chain, the number, and the location of the substituent to arrive at its systematic name. The IUPAC...

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Bioreactor Controls-III

Bioreactor Controls-III

Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...

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Updated: Jul 16, 2026

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

Published on: October 2, 2012

N-Alkane uptake and utilisation by Streptomyces strains.

G Barabás¹, G Vargha, I M Szabó

¹Department of Human Genetics, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center Hungary. barabas@jaguar.dote.hu

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

|January 31, 2002

Summary

Streptomyces bacteria can use hydrocarbons like oil as food. These microbes show potential for bioremediation, effectively cleaning up oil-contaminated environments.

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Isolation, Propagation, and Identification of Bacterial Species with Hydrocarbon Metabolizing Properties from Aquatic Habitats

Isolation, Propagation, and Identification of Bacterial Species with Hydrocarbon Metabolizing Properties from Aquatic Habitats

Published on: December 7, 2021

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Environmental Science
Biotechnology

Background:

Streptomyces strains are abundant soil bacteria known for tolerating extreme conditions.
Their ability to utilize various hydrocarbons as sole carbon and energy sources is being investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the potential of Streptomyces strains for bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils.
To understand the mechanisms of hydrocarbon uptake and utilization in Streptomyces.

Main Methods:

Isolation and identification of Streptomyces strains from oil-contaminated soil.
Cultivation of strains with various hydrocarbons (n-alkanes, kerosene, crude oil).
Analysis of fatty acid content, membrane microviscosity (using DPH probe), and cellular inclusions (electron microscopy).
Assay of hydrocarbon degradation using radiolabeled compounds (n-hexadecane-1-14C).

Main Results:

Streptomyces griseoflavus, S. parvus, and S. plicatus utilized hydrocarbons as sole carbon sources.
Increased fatty acid content correlated with hydrocarbon chain length.
Signal transducing GTP-binding proteins (GBPs) are involved in hydrocarbon uptake.
Hydrocarbon-utilizing strains exhibited lower membrane microviscosity and distinct cytoplasmic inclusions.
Inoculated soil samples showed significantly faster hydrocarbon elimination.

Conclusions:

Streptomyces strains possess the metabolic capability to degrade hydrocarbons.
Membrane properties and specific proteins (GBPs) are crucial for hydrocarbon utilization.
These bacteria demonstrate significant potential for the bioremediation of oil-polluted environments.