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Smoking and thyroid disorders--a meta-analysis.

Peter Vestergaard1

  • 1The Osteoporosis Clinic, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus University Hospital, Tage Hansens Gade 2, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. p-vest@post4.tele.dk

European Journal of Endocrinology
|February 9, 2002
PubMed
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Smoking significantly increases the risk of Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy. While quitting smoking may lower Graves' disease risk, especially for women, its impact on other thyroid conditions varies.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Smoking is a known risk factor for Graves' disease.
  • The association between smoking and other thyroid disorders requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the association between smoking and various thyroid diseases.
  • To quantify the risk of thyroid disorders associated with smoking.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE was conducted.
  • Twenty-five studies investigating the link between smoking and thyroid diseases were included.
  • Meta-analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI).

Main Results:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Current smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk of Graves' disease (OR=3.30) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (OR=4.40).
  • Smoking cessation appears to reduce the risk of Graves' disease.
  • An increased risk was observed for non-toxic goitre (excluding men) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, while no significant association was found for toxic nodular goitre or hypothyroidism.

    • Conclusions:

    • Smoking cessation is recommended to reduce morbidity from Graves' disease, particularly in women.
    • The risk of Graves' ophthalmopathy is significantly elevated in smokers.
    • The impact of smoking varies across different thyroid conditions, with some showing a clear association and others not.