Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a clinicopathological entity characterised by proteinuria, rapidly developing azotemia and histologically by collapsig variant of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with acute tubular necrosis and mild interstitial inflammation. Untreated, it may result in end stage renal disease (ESRD) in as little as four months. The incidence of HIVAN continues to increase and is the single most common cause of chronic renal disease in HIV-1 seropositive patients. It affects predominantly black individuals. Exact pathogenesis is still not clear but a great deal of progress has been made in the recent past by studies on transgenic mouse model, renal cell cultures and from study of human biopsy material. Current considerations revolve around the role of HIV or protein in renal epithelium and the effects of cytokines, including transforming growth factor-beta and basic fibroblast growth factor on renal structures. Different modalities of treatment with corticosteroids, zidovudine or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have been tried with modest success.