Arsenic trioxide and methylprednisolone use different signal transduction pathways in leukemic differentiation

Certain cell lines like HL 60 and K 562 are utilised as leukemic cell models for leukemogenesis research, which differentiate along the granulocytic and/or monocytic pathway when treated with certain inducer molecules. High dose methylprednisolone treatment has been shown to induce in vivo and in vitro differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells to mature granulocytes in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has been confirmed to have remission induction effects on APL. However, there are conflicting results on the effects with other AML subtypes. Also, it has been well established that the reversible phosphorylation of proteins is a major regulatory mechanism in the signal transduction pathways that control cell growth and differentiation. Serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP) are major components of phosphorylation. In this study, we investigated the effect of As(2)O(3) on HL 60 and K 562 myeloid leukemic differentiation and compared the signalling cascades of the two inducers with respect to serine/threonine PP 1 and 2A. We utilised PP1 and PP2A inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A. In contrast to methylprednisolone, there was no effect of phosphatase inhibitors on As(2)O(3)-induced leukemic differentiation. Incomplete leukemic differentiation occurred with lower As(2)O(3) concentration as 10(-6)M. Unlike As(2)O(3), methylprednisolone induced complete granulocytic and/or monocytic differentiation of HL 60 and K 562 cells via upregulation of PP2A regulatory subunits. Therefore, As(2)O(3) and methylprednisolone are promising agents that have the potential to be used together in myeloid leukemic differentiation therapy.