Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 23, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
Published on: September 28, 2018
Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses
Daphna Oyserman1, Heather M Coon, Markus Kemmelmeier
1Department of Psychology, School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48106-1248, USA. daphna.oyserman@umich.edu
Abstract:
Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style.
Related Concept Videos
Social Proof
Humanistic Psychology
This approach...
Cultural Influences on Personality
The Role of Culture
Self Within Cultural Contexts
Self-Esteem and Culture

