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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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Sulfate attack on concrete is a deterioration process characterized by a whitish discoloration beginning at the edges and corners, accompanied by cracking and spalling. This phenomenon occurs when sulfates react with the components of hardened concrete, forming compounds like calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate which occupy more space than the substances they replace, causing the concrete to expand and disrupt.
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Calcite saturation in eastern UK rivers.

Colin Neal1

  • 1Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, UK. c.neal@ceh.ac.uk

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|February 16, 2002
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Calcite saturation in UK rivers varies greatly, with northern rivers showing wider ranges than southern ones. Inhibitors like phosphorus and organic carbon do not appear to control calcite precipitation kinetics in these rivers.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Geochemistry
  • Riverine Systems

Background:

  • Calcite saturation influences aquatic ecosystems and geochemical processes.
  • Kinetic inhibition of calcite precipitation is potentially controlled by soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess calcite saturation levels in eastern UK rivers.
  • To evaluate the potential kinetic inhibition of calcite precipitation by SRP and DOC.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of calcite saturation levels across various eastern UK rivers.
  • Statistical analysis of pH and calcite saturation index.
  • Comparison of saturation levels with SRP and DOC concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Rivers exhibited a wide range of calcite saturation, from undersaturated to 100-fold oversaturated.
  • The Tweed River showed the greatest range, while southern rivers like the Great Ouse and Thames were consistently oversaturated.
  • Statistical analysis revealed linearity between pH and the logarithm of the calcite saturation index, suggesting solubility controls are not operative.
  • Observed patterns were inconsistent with kinetic hindrance by SRP and DOC.

Conclusions:

  • Calcite solubility controls are not the primary factor governing calcite saturation in the examined UK rivers.
  • The observed patterns in calcite saturation are influenced by river water sources and seasonal variations.
  • While some structure was noted, SRP and DOC do not appear to be the main kinetic inhibitors of calcite precipitation in these systems.