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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
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The vapor pressure of a fluid is a crucial concept in fluid mechanics, influencing phenomena such as boiling and cavitation. Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by a vapor at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium with its corresponding liquid phase at a specific temperature. It represents the tendency of molecules to escape from the fluid surface into the vapor phase.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2
11:32

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Published on: January 16, 2017

Protonic diffusion in high-pressure ice VII.

Eriko Katoh1, H Yamawaki, H Fujihisa

  • 1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 16, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Protonic diffusion in ice VII was measured at high pressures. Results show protonic diffusion remains slow, not reaching superionic criteria even near the melting point.

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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions

Published on: June 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Molecular diffusion typically dominates protonic diffusion in ice at ambient pressures.
  • Theoretical models suggest protonic diffusion may become dominant in ice under high-pressure conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally determine the protonic diffusion coefficient in ice VII across its stable pressure range.
  • To investigate the pressure-dependent behavior of protonic diffusion in the highest-temperature molecular phase of ice.

Main Methods:

  • Measurements of the protonic diffusion coefficient were conducted on ice VII at 400 kelvin.
  • Experiments covered the entire stable pressure region for ice VII, from 10 to 63 gigapascals.

Main Results:

  • Measured protonic diffusion coefficients ranged from 10⁻¹⁷ to 10⁻¹⁵ m²/s.
  • Extrapolated diffusion coefficients near the ice VII melting curve were 100 to 1000 times lower than the superionic criterion.

Conclusions:

  • Protonic diffusion in ice VII does not approach the superionic regime under the studied high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.
  • Experimental findings contrast with theoretical predictions of dominant protonic diffusion at high pressures.