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Related Experiment Videos

Retrieval conditions and false recognition: testing the distinctiveness heuristic.

D L Schacter1, D L Cendan, C S Dodson

  • 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. dls@wjh.havard.edu

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|February 19, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Encoding items as pictures, not words, reduces false recognition by encouraging detailed memory retrieval. This distinctiveness heuristic aids accurate memory recall, especially for semantic associates.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Studies

Background:

  • False recognition of non-presented words is common with semantic associate lists.
  • Encoding items as pictures, rather than words, previously reduced false recognition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms behind reduced false recognition when encoding pictures versus words.
  • To differentiate between the distinctiveness heuristic and impoverished relational encoding accounts.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Mixed picture-word lists to assess general effects.
  • Experiment 2: Manipulated retrieval instructions to test the distinctiveness heuristic.

Main Results:

  • Mixed lists showed general false recognition suppression.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Differences in false recognition between picture and word encoding were reduced when retrieval did not favor distinctiveness.

    • Conclusions:

    • Findings support the distinctiveness heuristic account for reduced false recognition with pictorial stimuli.
    • The distinctiveness heuristic relies on demanding detailed information for recognition decisions.